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The AI Stack
Five layers, from electrons to embodiment. Each one turns the layer below it into something more useful, and each has its own bottleneck.
Power
Enter Power
Layer 1 of 5
Every token starts as electrons.
Grid, electricity, nuclear, energy economics for AI compute.
Explore Power
Compute
Enter Compute
Layer 2 of 5
The computer is the rack, not the chip.
GPUs, TPUs, ASICs, HBM, packaging, and the racks, networking, and cooling that turn them into a single computer.
Explore Compute
Models
Enter Models
Layer 3 of 5
Where compute becomes intelligence.
Frontier labs, model launches, training, scaling.
Explore Models
Digital AI
Enter Digital AI
Layer 4 of 5
Intelligence, shipped as software.
Chatbots, coding terminals, cloud agents, knowledge work: the apps that run on top of frontier models.
Explore Digital AI
Physical AI
Enter Physical AI
Layer 5 of 5
Intelligence that acts in the world.
Humanoids, autonomous vehicles, embodied agents: AI that has to act in a world that pushes back.
Explore Physical AI